What is Diabetes Mellitus?
Normal Body Process: Carbs are turned into glucose (sugar), Pancreas releases Insulin (hormone) that help move glucose from your blood into your cells, which use it for energy.
When too much glucose stays in your blood -> Diabetes Mellitus.
Types:
Prediabetes: blood sugar is higher than normal but not high enough to be diagnosed as Diabetes.
Type 1: Insulin-Dependent Diabetes: Juvenile-Onset Diabetes:
Often starts in Childhood.
Autoimmune Condition: The body attacks Pancreas with antibodies. The pancreas is damaged & unable to make Insulin.
This Type can be genetic.
Can be due to a problem with Cell in Pancreas.
Symptoms often occur suddenly.
Type 2: Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Adult-Onset Diabetes:
The pancreas creates not enough Insulin.
Gestational Diabetes:
Pregnancy usually causes some form of insulin resistance.
Spotted in middle or late pregnancy.
A woman’s Blood Sugar travel through their placenta to the baby, it’s important to control to protect the baby's growth and development.
10% of women who have gestational diabetes get type 2, weeks or even years later.
Complications Associated:
1. Diabetic Retinopathy: Damage to tiny blood vessels in the Eyes.
2. Diabetic Neuropathy: Damage to Nerves.
3. Diabetic Nephropathy: Damage to Kidneys.
4. Heart Diseases & Stoke.
Associated Tests:
Glycated haemoglobin (A1C) test:
Does not require fasting.
It measures the percentage of blood sugar attached to haemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells.
Indicates Average Blood Sugar for the past 2-3 months.
Normal: Below 5.7%
Prediabetes: 5.7% to 6.4 %
Diabetes: 6.5% or higher.
Random blood sugar test:
Can be done regardless of when you ate.
200 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or 11.1 millimoles per litre (mmol/L) — or higher suggests diabetes.
Fasting blood sugar test:
Blood Sample after Overnight Fast.
Normal: less than 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L).
Prediabetes: from 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L).
Diabetes: 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) or higher on two separate tests.
Oral glucose tolerance test:
Fasting Overnight, then drink a sugary liquid, then blood sugar levels are tested periodically.
Normal: less than 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L).
Prediabetes: 140 and 199 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L and 11.0 mmol/L).
Diabetes: More than 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L).
Urine Test: to check type 1 diabetes.